Damages of Skidder and Oxen Logging to Residual Trees in Uneven-Aged Mixed Forest

The negative influence of timber harvesting on the forest environment is reflected through damage to residual trees, regeneration, and soil. Considering that skidding, a popular extraction method, can cause substantial severe remaining stand, aim this research was determine trees during skidding by an LKT 81T cable skidder, including oxen bunching. conducted in eastern Bosnia Herzegovina, uneven-aged mixed fir (Abies alba Mill.) spruce (Picea abies L.) with pine (Pinus sylvestris limestone soils. Tree felling using Husqvarna 372 XP chainsaw. Extraction operations caused 6.31% stand. most “removed bark” (65.34%) occurred lower parts tree, butt end (55.11%) root collar (32.39%). average size 197.08 cm2. A statistically significant correlation found between position diameter at breast height (p < 0.05) 0.01) Spearman analysis. analysis chi-squared test showed there difference proportion for different distances nearest skid road = 0.0487), but share damaged did not decrease increasing distance from road.